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NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc. |
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AMA Category 1
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Continuing Medical Education |
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS |
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Written by:
Marty L.
Hinz, MD |
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President
Clinical
Research |
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NeuroResearch
Clinics,
Inc. |
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Cape Coral, Florida USA Research Office |
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Just
Landed? |
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If
you
just
landed
(entered
this
web
site
via
this
page
from
a
search
engine)
you
have
entered
on
the
neurotransmitter
discussion
page.
The
discussion
on
this
page
is a
"support
discussion"
for
the
diseases
covered
on
other
pages.
To
find
out
what
NeuroResearch
Clinics
is
really
doing
click
on
one
of
the
disease
links
at
the
left
upper
column
of
this
web
page
and
read
about
the
new
medical
approach
in
treatment
of
the
specific
diseases
developed
by
medical
doctors
(MDs)
in
Duluth,
Minnesota. |
NeuroResearch
Clinics is a
cutting edge
neurotransmitter
medical
research
project. The
University
of Minnesota
Medical
School is
publishing a
series of
papers on
the research
found on
this web
site. The
first
U of MN Medical
School paper
was
submitted
for
publication
November 30,
2008. (To access
the a copy
of the first
University
of Minnesota
Medical
School paper
click on the
"NeuroResearch
Publishing"
link in the
left
column.) |
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Low
levels of the serotonin and the dopamine
neurotransmitter molecules are not the
primary cause of chronic
neurotransmitter disease such as
depression, anxiety, attention deficit
such as ADD and ADHD, etc. In reviewing tens of
thousands of
serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter tests from thousands of
people it is clear that all people
with and without disease have
virtually the same serotonin and
dopamine neurotransmitter
levels prior to treatment.
Licensed medical doctors of
NeuroResearch Clinics looking at the
issue of neurotransmitters in disease
have arrived at the following
conclusion. It is not low levels of
neurotransmitters that cause the
symptoms of most disease to develop, it
is neurotransmitter levels that are not
high enough. This is a fine point but
the assertion leads to a completely
different conclusion as to the cause of
neurotransmitter related disease. Either
way there are not enough
neurotransmitter in the brain to keep
symptoms under control. |
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Chronic disease symptoms such as depression,
anxiety, attention deficit such as ADD
and ADHD, etc. are primarily caused by
damage to the electrical system of the
brain (the neurons). The real problem is
decreased electrical flow due to neuron
damage not low levels of
neurotransmitters. The only way to increase
electrical flow back to levels needed to
be free of symptoms is to increase the
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter levels in the brain.
Drugs can't do this, they work by moving
neurotransmitter molecules from one
place to another and in the process they
deplete serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter molecules. Serotonin
and dopamine neuron damage can be
caused by neurotoxins, trauma, and
biologic insult. |
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Some
labs advocate baseline serotonin and
dopamine neurotransmitter
testing prior to treatment. Baseline urinary neurotransmitter
testing is a
waste of time and money. There is no
correlation between baseline urinary
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter testing and
results obtained once the person is taking
significant levels of tyrosine, 5-HTP, and
dopa. The only thing
serotonin and dopamine baseline
neurotransmitter testing practices do is to line the pockets of the lab
with money at
the expense of a person who is already
suffering with disease. The same labs
that promote baseline urinary
neurotransmitter testing
also claim that the serotonin and the
dopamine neurotransmitter
molecules cross the blood brain
barrier, which they don't (see
above).
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The only way to
truly raise
neurotransmitter
levels in the
brain. |
Drugs
do not increase serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter levels
in the brain, they work by moving
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules from one place to
another and in the process the deplete
the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules instead
building
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter levels. The only way to
increase serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter levels in the
brain is by giving the body the
nutrients.
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine that it needs to build neurotransmitter
molecules. |
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Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and
epinephrine are the master
neurotransmitter molecules they directly
and indirectly control every process in
the body. Only by optimizing the
serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and
epinephrine neurotransmitter molecules
will the person feel optimal and
optimal function be facilitated.
Hormones, cortisol, GABA, PEA,
melatonin, blood pressure and a host of
other things are controlled by the
serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
neurotransmitter molecules. There is
nothing in the body that exerts as much
force on the system as a whole as the
serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter molecules do. |
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The
reuptake inhibitor depression drugs do nothing to
increase serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter levels they
work by moving serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter
molecules from
one place to another in the brain. In
the process these drugs deplete
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules and can make clinical
symptoms of depression or attention
deficit such as ADD and ADHD worse increasing risk of
suicide. |
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Antidepressants drugs deplete neurotransmitter
molecules |
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From The Formal |
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"Effexor Prescribing Information" |
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For
Physicians |
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"THE REAL VALUE OF
SEROTONIN AND DOPAMINE BASELINE
URINARY NEUROTRANSMITTER
TESTING" |
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Serotonin
and dopamine baseline urinary
neurotransmitter testing in treatment of
depression, anxiety, attention deficit such
as ADD and ADHD, etc. prior to treating with
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine is of no value.
Even thought the practice of serotonin and
dopamine baseline urinary neurotransmitter
testing in treatment of depression, anxiety,
attention deficit such as ADD and ADHD, etc. is
promoted by some labs it is not effective,
it is a waste of time and a waste of money.
The only thing it does effectively is line
the lab bank account with money. |
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As noted in the
literature and verified by the University of
Minnesota Medical School the
neurotransmitter molecules serotonin,
dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
exist in two states. The endogenous state
(the state where the person is taking no
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine. The second is the
competitive inhibition state (the state when
the person is taking the 5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine). As reported by NeuroResearch and
verified by the University of Minnesota
Medical School serotonin and dopamine
baseline urinary neurotransmitter
testing in treatment of depression, anxiety,
attention deficit such as ADD and ADHD, etc.
in the endogenous state (prior to starting
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine) has no
correlation with serotonin and dopamine
urinary neurotransmitter testing in
treatment of depression, anxiety, attention
deficit such as ADD and ADHD, etc. performed once in the competitive inhibition
state (taking 5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine). |
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With regards to
recommending serotonin and dopamine baseline
urinary neurotransmitter testing in
treatment of depression, anxiety, attention
deficit such as ADD and ADHD, etc. prior to
treatment there appears to be two distinctly
different types of lab involved here. The
first is the labs directed by hospital based
board certified pathologists who holds forth
the recommendation that serotonin and
dopamine baseline urinary neurotransmitter
testing in treatment of depression, anxiety,
attention deficit such as ADD and ADHD, etc.
is of no value. While the labs recommending
serotonin and dopamine baseline urinary
neurotransmitter testing in treatment of
depression, anxiety, attention deficit such
as ADD and ADHD, etc. has no licensed
medical doctor in charge of day to day
operations, no license to practice medicine,
no hospital affiliation, no clinic, no
people under their care, and no experience in
treating people in clinics. |
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We have been
doing twelve AMA category I continuing
medical education conferences a year since
2000. At virtually every one of these
conferences we hear from physicians who have
tried the protocols of labs holding out
serotonin and dopamine baseline urinary
neurotransmitter testing is in treatment of
depression, anxiety, attention deficit such
as ADD and ADHD, etc.
needed prior to treatment. The results
reported to us are all the same. Almost none
of the people treated this way get better. |
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Several
independent physicians took the initiative
to do split sample serotonin and dopamine
urinary neurotransmitter testing, in
treatment of depression, anxiety, attention
deficit such as ADD and ADHD, etc.
submitting samples to DBS Labs directed by
Tom Uncini, MD hospital based pathologist
and a lab recommending baseline serotonin
and dopamine urinary neurotransmitter
testing in treatment of depression, anxiety,
attention deficit such as ADD and ADHD, etc. In all cases
there was no correlation between the two lab
reports returned on the same serotonin and
dopamine urinary neurotransmitter sample. In
looking at the situation, we trust the
lab of the hospital based pathologist. |
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THE PROPER
RELATIVE
PERSPECTIVE ON
NEUROTRANSMITTER
LEVELS |
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Low neurotransmitter
levels
do not
cause disease
such as
depression,
anxiety,
attention
deficit such as
ADD and
ADHD, etc. |
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Neurotransmitter
levels that are
not high enough
to keep the
electrical flow
of compromised
neuron bundles
functioning
properly are the
primary cause
disease. |
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There is
a
tendency
when
providing
a
person
with
reuptake
inhibitor
drugs
that
increase
synaptic
levels
of
neurotransmitter
molecules
to
believe
that low
levels
of
neurotransmitter
molecules
cause
disease. |
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In
studying
the
serotonin
and
dopamine urinary
neurotransmitter
testing
results
in treatment
of
depression,
anxiety,
attention
deficit
such as
ADD and
ADHD,
etc.
from
thousands
of
people,
the
problem
becomes
defining,
“What
does the
lab show
in low
levels
of
serotonin
and
dopamine
neurotransmitters?” |
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In
reviewing
urinary
laboratory
testing
performed
while
achieving
resolution
of
disease
symptoms
it is
apparent
that the
level of
serotonin
and
dopamine neurotransmitter
molecules
needed
to get
symptoms
under
control varies
on a
huge
scale
from
person-to-person.
There is
no
correlation
between
the
serotonin
and
dopamine neurotransmitter
levels
directly
measured
in the
system
and the
resolution
of
disease
such as
depression,
anxiety,
attention
deficit
such as
ADD and
ADHD,
etc.
symptoms
in
people
not
under
treatment
with
amino
acid
neurotransmitter
precursors.
The
nutrients 5-HTP
and
dopa
are
freely
synthesized
into
serotonin
and
dopamine neurotransmitter
molecules
without
regulation.
The
dosing
of the
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine
needed
to get
depression,
anxiety,
attention
deficit
such as
ADD and
ADHD,
etc. symptoms
under
control
in
people
varies
on a
huge
scale,
as does
the
serotonin
and
dopamine neurotransmitter
levels
induced
when
they are
administered.
This
gives
rise to
the
observation,
“What
does it
mean to
say low
levels
of
serotonin
and
dopamine neurotransmitter
molecules
cause
disease
such as
depression,
anxiety,
attention
deficit
such as
ADD and
ADHD,
etc.?” |
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At the
lab
level,
we
believe
that the
term
“low” in
the
direct
measurement
of
serotonin
and
dopamine neurotransmitter
molecules
can not
be
defined
with
regards
to
onset of disease
symptoms
in
depression,
anxiety,
attention
deficit
such as
ADD and
ADHD,
etc.
Identical
levels
of
serotonin
and
dopamine
neurotransmitter
levels
measured
in one
person
with no
symptoms
can lead
to
severe
disease in
another
person.
It turns
out that
there is
no
predictability
between
the
measure
of
serotonin
and
dopamine neurotransmitter
levels
and
symptoms
of
disease
traditional
thought
of as
caused
by low
levels
of
neurotransmitters. |
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The
proper
way to
look at
this is,
“When
disease
symptoms
such as
seen
with
depression,
anxiety,
attention
deficit
such as
ADD and
ADHD,
etc.
are
present,
the
serotonin
and
dopamine
neurotransmitter
levels
are not
high
enough
to
prevent
the
symptoms.”
Serotonin
and
dopamine
neurotransmitter
levels
that may
be very
high for
normal
people
may not
be high
enough
to
control
symptoms
of
depression,
anxiety,
attention
deficit
such as
ADD and
ADHD,
etc. in
other
people.
Parkinson's
Disease
is a
good
example,
where
very
high
levels
of
dopamine
are
needed
to
control
symptoms
to the
point
that
dopamine
levels
in other
patients
that
would be
considered
very
high are
not high
enough
to
control
symptoms.
This
concept
applies
to every
other
serotonin
and
dopamine neurotransmitter
disease
such as
depression,
anxiety,
attention
deficit
such as
ADD and
ADHD,
etc.
as well. |
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So what is happening? |
Neurotransmitter levels at start of treatment are not as important as getting to levels needed to relieve disease. |
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Performing urinary neurotransmitter testing then determining the phases of serotonin and dopamine is not a direct measurement of the neurotransmitters in the system. It is a direct assay of the status of the basolateral monoamine transporters of the kidneys. |
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It does not matter how full the system is initially with neurotransmitters in the face of disease. The important fact, "Is the system full of enough with neurotransmitters to prevent disease symptoms. |
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THE BUNDLE DAMAGE THEORY |
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The bundle damage theory
states: |
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Serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter dysfunction
disease such as
depression, anxiety,
attention deficit such as
ADD and ADHD, etc. symptoms develop when the electrical
flow through the serotonin
and dopamine neuron
bundles that regulate
serotonin and dopamine function is compromised by
damage to the individual
serotonin and dopamine neurons or the neuron
components composing the
neuron bundle which conducts
electricity to regulate or
control function. In order
to optimally restore
serotonin and dopamine neuron
bundle regulatory function,
synaptic serotonin and
dopamine neurotransmitter
levels of the remaining
viable neurons must be
increased to levels higher
than is normally found in
the system, which restores
adequate electrical outflow
resulting in relief of
symptoms and optimal
regulatory function. |
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PERSPECTIVE: THE CAUSE OF DISEASE |
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In natural treatments
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine do not “cure.” They simply allow the body to make
enough serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules to overcome the problems that
cause neurotransmitter diseases
such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit
such as ADD and
ADHD, etc. |
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So what is the cause of all these
diseases such as
depression, anxiety, attention deficit such as
ADD and ADHD, etc.
associated with serotonin,
dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine?
Permanent damage to the serotonin and dopamine
neuron bundles of the brain. Damage the correct
dopamine bundles and you get Parkinson disease.
Damage other serotonin and dopamine bundles and
you develop
depression, anxiety, attention deficit such as
ADD and ADHD, etc. We have identified almost 100
diseases that appear to be from permanent
serotonin and dopamine neuron bundle
damage. Proper use of
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine will compensate
for the serotonin and dopamine neuron bundle damage problem
leading to relief of symptoms. |
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On to the real depths and heart of the
matter, “What is the cause of this serotonin and
dopamine neuron bundle damage?” |
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If you damage enough
serotonin and dopamine neurons in a
bundle of neurons conducting electricity through the
brain, functions controlled by that serotonin or dopamine neuron bundle will not
be controlled properly. In the case of Parkinson's
Disease,
when enough neurons of the dopamine bundles in the
substantia nigra quit working from damage, the classic pill
rolling tremor with cogwheel rigidity develops. |
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Taking these observations one step
further, if enough serotonin or dopamine neurons of a neuron bundles regulating
sleep die off from toxic or traumatic damage, the
person is left with poor sleep patterns. If the
serotonin or dopamine neurons
of the neuron bundles controlling affect are damaged,
the person can be left with chronic depression.
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But what is causing this damage to the
system that leads to these chronic serotonin or dopamine neurotransmitter
diseases
such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit
such as ADD and ADHD, etc.
in people? |
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In reviewing the problem for several
years, we are left with a short list of two.
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First, we have seen post traumatic head
injury symptoms that can be relieved by
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine therapy in some cases. But, we firmly believe
that the main source is toxins. |
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In general toxicity is highly specific.
It certainly has been proven in medicine that certain
chemical toxins can induce serotonin or dopamine neuron damage and death to
specific neuron bundles, such as the dopamine neurons of
the substantia nigra in Parkinson's Disease while leaving other
dopamine neuron bundles in the brain intact. |
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The cause
of serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter dysfunction in over 90% of the cases
is due to neurotoxic serotonin and/or dopamine neuron
bundle damage, which is permanent. While
the damage to the serotonin and dopamine neuron bundles is permanent, the
symptoms can be reversed in all the serotonin and
dopamine neurotransmitter associated diseases
such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit
such as ADD and ADHD, etc.
by raising the
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter levels through proper use of
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine
(as occurs with dopa treatment in Parkinson
people). If we could get rid of all toxins from
the environment, there is no doubt that over 85% of the
diseases
such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit
such as ADD and ADHD, etc.
people suffer with would be gone in a
generation. |
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THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF MASTER NEUROTRANSMITTER
DISEASES |
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TRADITIONAL THINKING |
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“Low levels of
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules cause disease.
Therefore, by providing drugs which
increase synaptic neurotransmitter
levels, symptoms of disease resolve.” |
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THE
REAL CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM |
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Low levels of
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules in the system do not
cause disease symptoms
such as depression, anxiety,
attention deficit such as ADD
and
ADHD, etc. The problem is the
serotonin and dopamine neuron
bundles of the brain, which are damaged to the point
that serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter levels have to be
elevated above normal levels in order to
get symptoms under control. |
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Getting to this
assertion was not easy. From a clinical
standpoint, the following assertions
look the same:
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Low levels of
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter cause disease.
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Serotonin and
dopamine neuron bundles are
damaged to the point that
serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter levels have
to be elevated above normal
levels in order to get
symptoms of disease under
control.
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NeuroResearch started its work
in 1995; at a time when
there was nobody out there working to
optimize the serotonin and dopamine
systems with
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine.
In gaining experience it has
brought us to the current
realization; "Is the glass half
full or half empty?" Who cares,
the real problem is serotonin
and dopamine neurotransmitter
levels are not high enough to keep the
system functioning properly.
Only by realizing that damaged
serotonin and dopamine neuron
bundles are the primary cause of
these diseases can the situation
be dealt with optimally. |
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IF NEURON BUNDLE
DAMAGE OF SEROTONIN AND DOPAMINE IS DRIVING THINGS WHERE DID IS COME FROM? |
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In examining things, the list
grows short: |
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Neurotoxic damage to
serotonin and dopamine neurons.
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Traumatic injury to serotonin
and dopamine neurons.
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Biologic damage to serotonin
and dopamine neurons.
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The key here is “damage" to serotonin and dopamine neurons, which is
irreversible and permanent. This is why simply taking
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine
for a while will not cure the problem in
symptoms of disease
such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit
such as ADD and ADHD, etc. and symptoms
return when the
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine are
stopped. For the most part, diseases
such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit
such as ADD and ADHD, etc.
are life-long
illnesses that need life-long care. The incidences of
toxins in the environment have increased dramatically in
the last 50 years; as have the incidences of these
diseases
such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit
such as ADD and
ADHD, etc. It is no coincidence.
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine
provide the tools to get disease symptoms of
depression, anxiety, attention deficit such as
ADD and ADHD, etc. under
control and not just mask them with drugs that burn out
(deplete) neurotransmitters. |
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From the peer reviewed
literature, serotonin and dopamine baseline urinary neurotransmitter
testing in treatment of depression, anxiety, attention deficit such
as ADD and ADHD, etc. is of no
value. |
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Depression in I. Kohlstadt (ed.) Food and Nutrients in Disease Management (CRC Press, 2009) |
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THE
ARTICLE REVIEWED HERE: |
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Myths: Urinary
neurotransmitter testing myths and
misconceptions. |
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Basis for the different approaches, a product
foundation comparison. |
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The following
from the non-peer reviewed article is
not true: |
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THE
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER |
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There are non-medical lab
people (people with no
medical license) claiming
that serotonin, dopamine,
norepinephrine, and epinephrine crossed
the blood brain barrier. They stated
that serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules were simply
filtered by the kidneys and ended up in
the urine. This misinformation led to
claims that serotonin and
dopamine urinary neurotransmitter
testing was a good assay of central
nervous system status. In addition,
claims were made that 1 or 2 pills,
twice a day could control disease
symptoms
such as depression, anxiety,
attention deficit such as
ADD and ADHD, etc. in
people.
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Science has pushed
forward and we know that
serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter molecules
do not cross the blood brain
barrier. This means that
peripheral administration of
the serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter molecules has no value in
treating serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter related
central nervous system
disease
such as depression, anxiety,
attention deficit such as
ADD and
ADHD, etc. This is most evident in the
Parkinson person who has a dopamine
drip started in the hospital. If
dopamine crossed the blood brain
barrier, you would expect marked
improvement, but there is none. Radio
isotope tagging of
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine and
neurotransmitter molecules has proven that
serotonin and dopamine urinary neurotransmitter molecules are not
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules filtered by the
kidneys and excreted into the urine.
They are serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules that are
synthesized by the kidneys and very
little systemic serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter
molecules end up
in the urine. We now know that the
approach of using 1 or 2 pills of
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine precursor twice a day is
ineffective in group treatment. The
shear volume of
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine precursors
needed for optimal group treatment could
not fit into one or two pills |
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THERE IS ONLY
ONE WAY |
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The master
neurotransmitter molecules (serotonin, dopamine,
norepinephrine, and epinephrine) do not cross the blood brain
barrier. The only way to
increase central nervous
system levels of the
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules is by
providing
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine precursors that
cross the blood brain barrier and
synthesized by specific areas of the
brain into serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules. |
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There are many clinical observations
that verify the fact that these
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter molecules do not cross the blood
brain barrier. For example, a Parkinson
person presents in the emergency room
with shock and a dopamine drip is
started. No relief of the Parkinson
symptoms is seen since dopamine does not
cross the blood brain barrier. |
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THE
BALANCE BETWEEN SEROTONIN AND DOPAMINE
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine |
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GABA |
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SO,
WHERE IS THE PATHWAY? |
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Serotonin and dopamine
precursors treat GABA associated
diseases better than GABA precursors. We
have known about this for a long time,
but all attempts to find the chemical
pathway involved have come up short.
Biochemistry is not a closed book with
nothing more to learn; new chemical
pathways are being defined on a regular
basis. The best answer we currently have
is, “We can see the results, but can we
find the pathway?” I have no doubt the
following chemical pathway link exists.
It is just a matter of defining it. |
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THE MASTER SEROTONIN AND
DOPAMINE
NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS |
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To be classified as a
“master neurotransmitter,” a molecule
must be a neurotransmitter and
control/regulate other
neurotransmitter
molecules. Under this
definition, serotonin, dopamine,
norepinephrine, and epinephrine are true
“master neurotransmitter molecules.” |
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ANXIETY AND PANIC
ATTACKS |
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There
appears to be a controlling chemical pathway of GABA by
the master neurotransmitter molecules serotonin, dopamine,
norepinephrine and epinephrine - but we can’t find it.
If anyone reading this newsletter knows of such a
pathway or has any ideas, we would like hear them. |
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THE EVIDENCE |
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In
medicine, the prototype diseases associated with GABA
dysfunction are anxiety and panic attacks. Research has
shown that with properly prescribed serotonin and
dopamine
5-HTP, tyrosine, levodopa, and cysteine precursors, over 95% of
people
show complete resolution of anxiety and panic attacks -
a rate that is far greater than treatment with GABA
precursors. “So, what is happening here?” |
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CLINICAL
IMPLICATIONS |
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Even
though we have not directly identified the chemical
pathway that indicates how serotonin and the
catecholamines control GABA to relieve symptoms of
diseases associated with GABA dysfunction, the clinical
evidence is clear. Proper use of serotonin and dopamine
precursors relieve symptoms of diseases associated with
GABA dysfunction far better than any approach we have
seen using GABA precursors. There are numerous doors
that we have opened with our work, which have led to
more research. The area of GABA being controlled by
serotonin and the catecholamines appears to be another
open door. |
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CORTISOL REGULATION BY SEROTONIN, DOPAMINE, AND
NOREPINEPHRINE NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS |
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HORMONE REGULATION BY
SEROTONIN, DOPAMINE, AND NOREPINEPHRINE
NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS |
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dopamine_10 |
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MELATONIN REGULATES SLEEP |
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If you need a medical speaker
for AMA Category I CME call NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc.
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NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc.
only deals with and provides information to licensed health care
professionals. |
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