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NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc. |
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AMA Category 1
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Continuing Medical Education |
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NEUROTRANSMITTER DISEASES |
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(Serotonin,
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine) |
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Written by:
Marty Hinz,
MD |
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President
Clinical
Research |
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NeuroResearch
Clinics,
Inc. |
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neurotransmitter |
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2008
NeuroResearch Clinics |
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Case Study Essay
Contest Winner |
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By:
Clifford Passen, MD Saratoga, New
York |
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click
here |
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The
number of diseases
such as depression, ADHD, etc. relating to serotonin,
dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine,
are huge. Add to this the autocrine,
regulatory, neurohormone, and paracrine
functions controlled by the serotonin and
dopamine neurotransmitter molecules and
there is virtually no function in the body
not affected by the serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter molecules. At the left is a link to
common disease
of the brain such as depression, ADHD, etc.
that caused by or
associated with serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter levels and a
link showing which of the serotonin,
dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine neurotransmitter
molecules are
primarily implicated in some selected
diseases
such as depression, ADHD, etc. |
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DEPRESSION |
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The treatment protocols for
depression, ADHD, etc. developed by
NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc. involves
the use of 5-HTP aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP, tyrosine
aka L-tyrosine and L-dopa aka dopa with urinary
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter testing. 5-HTP
aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP,
tyrosine aka L-tyrosine, and L-dopa
aka dopa freely cross into the brain
then are synthesized into serotonin and
dopamine neurotransmitter molecules by the brain. Giving 5-HTP
aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP,
tyrosine aka L-tyrosine, and L-dopa
aka dopa is the only way
to increase brain levels of
serotonin and dopamine to levels
needed for symptoms of disease such
as depression, ADHD, etc. to be
under control. |
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With the depression, ADHD, etc. protocol
for adults start at level 1 dosing
of 5-HTP aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP and
tyrosine aka L-tyrosine then in one
week if relief of symptoms are
not obtained the dosing is increased
to level 2 dosing of 5-HTP aka 5-HTP
or 5 HTP and
tyrosine aka L-tyrosine. If no relief of symptoms
is seen in one week on level 2
dosing the 5-HTP aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP and tyrosine
aka L-tyrosine is
increased to level 3 dosing. At this point
approximately 80% of patients with
depression will find relief of
symptoms. |
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If there is no relief of symptoms on
level 3 5-HTP aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP and tyrosine
aka L-tyrosine dosing urinary
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter testing is ordered
and the consultant recommendations are followed
until the patient achieves complete relief of
symptoms or both the serotonin and
dopamine are in the serotonin and
dopamine phase 3
therapeutic range.
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Once serotonin and dopamine are in
the phase 3 therapeutic range if no
relief of symptoms of depression is seen 100% of
patients not responding to 5-HTP
aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP,
tyrosine aka L-tyrosine, and L-dopa
aka dopa are actually
suffering from depressive
bipolar disorder. These are
depression patients who have not been
previously diagnosed with bipolar
depression. The recommendation at
that point is to continue the 5-HTP
aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP,
tyrosine aka L-tyrosine, and L-dopa
aka dopa and start a
bipolar drug such as lithium 300 mg
twice day, Depakote 500 mg twice a
day or Lamictil 50 mg a day. After
one week on the bipolar drug you now
have 100% relief in patients with
depression. On the link to the right
titled, "depression chapter" is a
depression chapter written for the
new medical text book editor Ingrid
Kohlstadt, MD of Johns Hopkins
outlining in detail this approach in
treating depression with 5-HTP aka
5-HTP or 5 HTP,
tyrosine aka L-tyrosine, L-dopa aka
dopa, and urinary serotonin and
dopamine neurotransmitter testing. |
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ADHD |
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NeuroResearch
Clinics, Inc. has been studying ADHD
for several years. In 2006 we
started a formal pilot study with an
independent clinic in Dallas Texas
to verify ADHD results. The findings
of the ADHD pilot study were
that 100% of children with ADHD who
took their pills properly achieved
relief of symptoms in treatment of
ADHD. Based on this study we entered
into agreement with the University
of North Texas at Denton to perform
a double blind placebo controlled
study of ADHD. This ADHD study by the
University of North Texas is detailed
on a separate web page on this web
site. To access the ADHD web page go
to the top left of this web page and
click on the ADHD study link. |
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If you have a child with ADHD you do
not have to wait for the University
of North Texas ADHD to finish. The
ADHD
treatment developed by NeuroResearch is available now. Contact
NeuroResearch Clinics on the blue
colored link at the top middle of this page and we
can help you find an ADHD caregiver using
the approach developed by
NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc. to treat
ADHD. |
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DEMENTIA |
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Real treatment for dementia is
something that has eluded medicine.
Using 5-HTP aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP, tyrosine
aka L-tyrosine, and L-dopa aka dopa in
patients with dementia or patients
who have been diagnosed with
dementia or Alzheimer's Disease is
showing profound promise. Dementia
appears to be a multi-factorial /
multi-etiology disease where
serotonin and dopamine may or may
not be the driving cause. In cases
where serotonin and dopamine is the
driving cause results are profound.
The case studies to the right
submitted by care givers documents
results of treatment. Of interest
with dementia patients is the fact
that these patients need to have
someone around to insure they are
taking their pills properly. If they
miss taking their 5-HTP aka 5-HTP or
5 HTP,
tyrosine aka L-tyrosine,
and L-dopa aka dopa very quickly they relapse
and all the confusion of dementia
returns. |
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OBESITY |
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Results in treatment of obesity with
5-HTP aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP, tyrosine
aka L-tyrosine, and
L-dopa aka dopa with
urinary serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter testing
show that average weight loss the
first month is 16.9 pounds. At the
heart of the NeuroResearch Clinics
treatment approach is our computer
program written in 1995. This
computer program is provided to
clinics free of charge. The computer
programs answers the question, "Is
the patient on track to make goal
weight or to adjustments have to be
made?" The sooner it is realized that
the patient is not on track to make
goal weight and adjustments are made
optimization of results is
facilitated. This computer program
is hooked up to a huge data base.
Data in the data base goes back to
1995 and represents almost 1.5
million patient-years of medical
weight loss data from over 600
clinics. This data has been an
invaluable tool used in
NeuroResearch Clinic's research of
obesity. It is the largest weight
loss data base in the world, bar
none. |
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Installation of a
weight management program into a
clinic is a lot of work and not all
clinics who use the NeuroResearch
approach have weight programs. If
you are interested in finding a
clinic with a NeuroResearch weight
loss program please contact us. |
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PARKINSON
DISEASE |
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In working with 5-HTP aka 5-HTP or 5
HTP,
tyrosine aka L-tyrosine, and L-dopa
aka dopa then
looking at Parkinson's disease, where
the standard approach in medicine is
to use L-dopa aka dopa from the start of
treatment, it was realized that
virtually all the problems
encountered in the treatment of
Parkinson disease patients were
caused by improper use of 5-HTP aka
5-HTP or 5 HTP, tyrosine aka
L-tyrosine, and
L-dopa aka dopa. If you do not give proper
levels of 5-HTP aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP the serotonin
precursor with L-dopa aka dopa serotonin is
depleted at which point the L-dopa
aka dopa
may quit working and a host of
serotonin deficiency diseases
develop such as depression, ADHD,
etc. If you
do not give adequate levels of
cysteine L-dopa aka dopa depletes the sulfur
amino acids. Carbidopa commonly used
with L-dopa aka dopa depletes both serotonin
and dopamine peripherally outside of
the brain. To the right are links to
in-depth writings about Parkinson
Disease management and how to use
L-dopa aka dopa properly without getting into
the problems that plague treatment
of Parkinson patients currently in
medicine. |
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MULTIPLE DISEASE
PATIENTS |
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Depression, Fibromyalgia, Restless
Leg Syndrome |
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Obesity,
Depression, Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder |
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A
number of serotonin and dopamine
related neurotransmitter diseases
such as depression, ADHD, etc. are listed on the link at the top of
this page. Over 90% of patients
suffering with one of these diseases
such as depression, ADHD, etc. have 3 or more diseases present at
the same time. The starting point
for treatment of each of these
diseases
such as depression, ADHD, etc. under NeuroResearch
protocols is always the same since
the cause is the same, serotonin and
dopamine levels that are not high
enough to prevent disease
such as depression, ADHD, etc. symptoms.
To the left are two cases studies in
patients with multiple diseases
such as depression, ADHD, etc. In
the top case study fibromyalgia is
one of the diseases. While
fibromyalgia is not specifically
discussed on this web page it is
noted that we have seen 100% relief
of fibromylagia symptoms under the
NeuroResearch protocols. |
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ANTI-AGING |
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Anti-aging would seem to go hand in
hand with the dementia discussion
above. Intriguing here, as discussed
on the link to the right is the fact
the urinary serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter testing
has been shown to be a predictor of
cognitive decline, functional
decline, and mortality. The
serotonin and dopamine testing
result problems seen leading to these
conclusions are easily corrected
with the approach of NeuroResearch
Clinics. What we don't know is
if correcting the urinary
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter problems seen on
the labs and proven as a predictor will lead
to preservation of cognitive
function, general function, and
decreased mortality. But from
everything known it would appear
that this is possible. |
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ALL THE
OTHER DISEASES |
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On the left are more case studies
submitted by care givers attesting
to the effectiveness of the
serotonin and dopamine approach of NeuroResearch Clinics. A
problem seen is that care givers and
patients seem to want to put each
disease
such as depression, ADHD, etc. in a neat and separate box
to be treated individually when the real cause is the same, serotonin
and dopamine neurotransmitter levels that are not
high enough to prevent disease
such as depression, ADHD, etc.
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Serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter levels have a role
directly or indirectly in virtually
every function in the body. There is
constant surprise at NeuroResearch
Clinics with reports from
clinics regarding treatment of
disease
such as depression, ADHD, etc. that might not be expected
to respond to other approaches. The
bottom line recommendation to
clinics is, "If it appears that the
disease
such as depression, ADHD, etc. might have a serotonin or
dopamine component a trial of 5-HTP
aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP,
tyrosine aka L-tyrosine, and L-dopa
aka dopa is indicated. |
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MULTI-FACTORIAL
/
MULTI-ETIOLOGY |
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Some diseases such as dementia may
have multiple causes
(multi-etiology) and have multiple
contributing factors. While other
disease such as depression and
fibromyalgia are 100% caused by
dysfunction of serotonin and
dopamine control. In the
multi-factorial / multi-etiology
diseases if the dominating component
is serotonin and dopamine amazing
results will be seen. An empirical
trial for 6 to 8 weeks following the
NeuroResearch protocol will sort out
the multi-etiology / multi-factorial
patients that have serotonin and
dopamine as the driving force behind
their disease. |
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| DISEASE OVERVIEW |
| By: Marty
Hinz, MD |
| President
Clinical Research |
| NeuroResearch
Clinics, Inc. |
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The research of NeuroResearch
Clinics is based on some of the
largest privately held medical
serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter data
bases in the world. Our largest
serotonin an dopamine
neurotransmitter data
base was started in 1995 and has
over 1.4 million patient-days of
treatment documented. Our laboratory
serotonin and dopamine data base was described by the
Chairman of the University of
Minnesota Duluth Medical School
Research Committee as "by far the
largest research data base" he had worked
with. Statistical analysis of data
drives the NeuroResearch goal of
improved group outcomes in treatment
with 5-HTP aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP, tyrosine
aka L-tyrosine, and
L-dopa aka dopa and urinary
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter testing. |
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The
NeuroResearch Clinics approach has been
developed since 1997. As of 2008 it is
currently in use by over 900 medical clinics
in the U.S.A. Canada, and Europe. While in
the United States the ingredients can be
bought over the counter by the general
public achieving proper results requires
training hence results by the public in
using these ingredient are low. NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc.
provides this serotonin and dopamine training through AMA category
1 continuing medical education for
physicians. If a doctor or a patient simply
tries this serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter approach without training it will
not lead to optimal results, training is
required. On this page are a few of the tens
of thousands of documented results using
this approach. Almost daily we hear from
physicians who have achieved what at times
sounds be almost unbelievable results in
addressing serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter levels.
NeuroResearch
gets so many of these calls that the
unbelievable is almost routine now.
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Many of
the patients treated by physicians with this
approach are some of the most difficult
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter cases in
medicine. These are the patients that have
had no success with numerous drugs and
numerous physicians and now have hope. Many
have had no response to treatment with
urinary serotonin and dopamine
neurotransmitter approached promoted by
other companies.
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On the
cutting edge of treatment is dementia in the
elderly. ADHD in children has shown
stunning results in a large number of
patients. We have targeted these areas for formal
studies. At present the University of North
Texas is performing a double blind placebo
controlled cross over study involving 200
children with ADHD from 12 school districts.
The pilot study for this formal study showed
that 82% of children achieved relief of
symptoms. Of the 18% that did not achieve
relief of symptoms they fit into two groups.
The first group was children that refused to
take their pills and the second group was
parents that did not give the pills
properly. As of fall 2008 there are five
independent scientific writings efforts
under way by Universities and
medical journals on various aspects of
NeuroResearch findings. Among formal
studies targeted in the future is treatment
of depression where 100% relief of symptoms
has be documented to date. |
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| anna |
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The Story of Anna: Clifford Passen, MD |
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I first met
Anna in January, 2004, when she was 9 years old. Her adoptive parents had
brought her to me, a child and adolescent psychiatrist, following her second
discharge from a psychiatric hospital. The two psychiatric admissions had
followed Anna expressing both suicidal thoughts towards herself and homicidal
thoughts towards her parents. She was becoming increasingly aggressive and
assaultive, and demonstrated increased mood lability and poor impulse control.
She had hit and pushed her parents and had kicked her adoptive father in the
groin. She had punched her adoptive mother in the head while Anna's mother
was driving a car. By the time I first met Anna she had already received a
number of psychiatric diagnoses including Mood Disorder NOS,
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder. She had many
unresolved issues regarding her adoption. She had received trials of Paxil,
Topamax, Zyprexa ,Abilify, lithium, Geodon,
Depakote, and Risperdal. Due to these
medications, Anna had gained 57 pounds between March, 2003, and January,
2004. None of these medication trials had been effective, and Anna continued to
have what her mother described as "anger explosions". Her father feared
for his wife's safety. Anna was punching, kicking, biting, head-butting,
and threatening her parents with knives. Although a good student, she
could not maintain friendships and never received invitations for play dates. At
times she could be a "bottomless pit" of need for reassurance and support. At
other times the police had been called to the home due to Anna's dangerous
behavior. |
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I initially continued Anna's psychiatric
treatment, titrating medications, and trying new medications and combinations of
medications in an effort to try and get Anna's behavior under control.
Although the medications were of some benefit, Anna continued to have severe
behavioral problems. She was placed in temporary respite care at times.
She was asked to leave a summer camp after five days for threatening to
kill the other campers. Her adoptive parents, exhausted in trying to care
for Anna, considered residential care for her. Family court services were
implemented.
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Finally, in June, 2006, Anna's mother told me,
"We have to try something." I had recently begun using the NeuroResearch
system, and began Anna on the pediatric dosing of
5-HTP
aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP, tyrosine aka L-tyrosine, and L-dopa aka dopa in August, 2006.
The results were nothing short of remarkable. Within one month, Anna's
behavior was clearly better. She had done well at camp and was doing well at
school. The angry outbursts in the family calmed down. By December,
2006, Anna no longer required psychotherapy. For the first time in memory,
the family enjoyed a happy Christmas. In April, 2007, I discontinued her last
prescription medication, Wellbutrin.
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Anna's dosing of
5-HTP
aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP, tyrosine aka L-tyrosine, and L-dopa aka dopa has never gotten
past the two-week protocol. She continues to do better and better, much to the
relief of her parents, herself, and me! She is now 14 years old, and is
developing into a competent and successful teenager. She has friends and
is happy. This is what NeuroResearch supplements did for Anna and her
parents.
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serotonin |
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A Listing of
Serotonin, Dopamine and Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Diseases
such as depression, ADHD, etc. With Commentary. |
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Serotonin,
Dopamine and Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter
Levels That Are Not High Enough Cause Disease Such as
Depression, ADHD. Etc. |
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By: Marty
Hinz, MD |
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President
Clinical Research |
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NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc. |
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Chronic disease
such as depression, ADHD, etc. related to
serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter
levels is caused by damage to the
serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurons in
the brain. The leading cause of serotonin, dopamine and
norepinephrine neuron damage is from
neurotoxins in the environment. The only way to
address symptoms of these diseases
such as depression, ADHD, etc., without use of
serotonin, dopamine or norepinephrine drugs
which can deplete serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
neurotransmitter levels, is giving the body
proper levels of the nutrients 5-HTP aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP,
tyrosine aka L-tyrosine, and
L-dopa aka dopa (with vitamins,
and minerals) needed by the body to establish
serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter levels higher than is normally found in
the body from diet alone. |
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The master monoamine
neurotransmitter class includes serotonin, dopamine,
norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Virtually all the other
neurotransmitter molecules in the body are controlled directly or
indirectly by these four neurotransmitter molecule
groups. |
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In reviewing and
analyzing tens of thousands of serotonin, dopamine and
norepinephrine neurotransmitter tests
from patients it is apparent that the cause the chronic
diseases
such as depression, ADHD, etc. listed below is not low levels of
serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter
molecules. The cause of chronic disease
such as depression, ADHD, etc. is
serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter levels that are not high enough to
compensate of the serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neuron damage in the brain. The fact
is that virtually all patients with and without disease
such as depression, ADHD, etc. have identical serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter levels at the start of
treatment. We have seen no consistent pattern of "low
levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
neurotransmitter molecules causing disease"
such as depression, ADHD, etc., i.e. there
is no such thing. This is a fine point. It is not low
levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
neurotransmitter molecules that cause chronic disease
such as depression, ADHD, etc. it is serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter levels that are not high enough
to compensate for disease
such as depression, ADHD, etc. symptoms due to brain damage
that is the real problem. |
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THE
SEROTONIN, DOPAMINE, AND NOREPINEPHRINE NEUROTRANSMITTER
DISEASES SUCH AS DEPRESSION, ADHD, ETC. |
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SEROTONIN, DOPAMINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE
NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS THAT ARE NO HIGH
ENOUGH CAUSE THE FOLLOWING DISEASE |
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OBESITY |
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leads to disease listed in
the left two columns |
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-Decreased Life Expectancy |
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-Diabetes |
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-Heart
Disease |
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-Increase in Stroke |
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-Sleep
Apnea |
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-Knee
Problems |
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-Back
Problems |
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-Increased Rehabilitation Time |
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-Increased Rate of Injuries |
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-Increase in Gall Stones |
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-Female
Fertility Problems |
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-Gynecologic Irregularities |
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-Gouty
Arthritis |
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-Increased Lung Infections |
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-Increase in Gastric Ulcers |
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-Chronic Pain |
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-Hiatal
Hernia |
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-Fibromyalgia |
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-Myoclonus |
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-High
Blood Pressure |
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-High
Cholesterol |
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-Increased Colon Cancer |
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-Increased Uterian Cancer |
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-Increased Breast Cancer |
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AMA continuing medical
education |
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for physicians |
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-Decreased Life Expectancy |
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-Increased Infections |
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-Diabetic Neuropathy |
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-Kidney Failure |
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-Macular Degeneration (blind) |
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-Heart Diseases |
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-Foot Ulcers |
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-Vascular Disease |
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-Therapeutic Amputations |
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-Disability |
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-Increase in Stroke |
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-Impotence |
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HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
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AND
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HIGH CHOLESTEROL |
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-Decreased Life
Expectancy |
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-Heart Disease |
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-Stroke |
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-Kidney Failure |
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-Vascular Disease |
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-Ischemia |
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Most patients have more than
one disease such as depression, ADHD, etc. active at any time. |
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The incidence of these
diseases such as depression, ADHD, etc. increases after exposure to drugs
that deplete
serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
neurotransmitter levels. |
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-Parkinsonism |
-Obesity
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-Bulimia
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-Anorexia
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-Depression |
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-Anxiety |
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-Panic Attacks |
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-Migraine Headaches |
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-Tension Headaches |
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-Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) |
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-Menopausal Symptoms |
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-Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
(OCD) |
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-compulsivity |
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-Insomnia |
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-Impulsivity |
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-Obessionality |
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-Inappropriate Aggression |
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-Inappropriate Anger |
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-Psychotic Illness |
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-Fibromyalgia |
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-Chronic fatigue syndrome |
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-Adrenal fatigue/burnout |
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-Hyperactivity |
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-ADHD/ADD |
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-Hormone dysfunction |
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-Adrenal dysfunction |
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-Dementia |
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-Alzheimer's disease |
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-Traumatic Brain Injury |
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-Phobias |
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-Chronic Pain |
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-Nocturnal Myoclonus |
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-Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
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-Chrone’s Disease |
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-Ulcerative Colitis |
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-Cognitive Deterioration |
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-Functional Deterioration |
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-Increased mortality rate |
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-Organ System Dysfunction |
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-Chronic Stress |
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-Cortisol Dysfunction |
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-Hormone Dysfunction |
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-Restless Leg Syndrome |
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| 5-HTP aka 5-HTP
or 5 HTP |
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LINKING
NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS TO DISEASES such as
depression, ADHD, etc. |
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depression_1 |
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MANAGEMENT OF
DEPRESSION WHEN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR DEPRESSION / ADHD
DRUGS
DO NOT FUNCTION OPTIMALLY |
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PERSPECTIVE |
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In
the traditional medical practice, treatment of
depression, ADHD, etc. revolves around the use of
depression
medications. Reuptake inhibitor depression / ADHD drugs are the most frequently
used. While
5-HTP
aka 5-HTP or 5 HTP, tyrosine aka L-tyrosine, and L-dopa
aka dopa are effective for treating
depression, ADHD, etc. many patients can’t afford them since they
are not covered by insurance, which leaves prescription
depression drugs as the only option for treating depression,
ADHD, etc. |
|
When treating depression with
reuptake inhibitor depression / ADHD drugs, the most prominent problems
encountered are: |
|
Ø
Side effects of the depression drug |
| Ø
The depression and ADHD drugs do not work from the start of
treatment. |
| Ø
The depression and ADHD drugs become ineffective during
treatment. |
|
The most common cause for referrals to a specialist for
depression occurs when patients are not responding to
reuptake inhibitor
depression / ADHD
therapy. The purpose of this writing
is to discuss the additional tools that physicians can
use in order to increase the effectiveness of reuptake
inhibitor
depression / ADHD
therapy and decrease the rate of outside
referrals. |
|
When prescription depression drugs do not work in the patient
with depression at the start of treatment, it is possible that
the patient may not be suffering from standard
depression; they may be suffering from bipolar
depression. Guidelines and management of bipolar
depression
as well as depression, ADHD, etc.
are covered below. |
|
|
|
KEEPING YOUR
PATIENT’S CARE IN YOUR PRACTICE |
|
When patients taking reuptake inhibitor
depression / ADHD
drugs are
stabilized, there is no need for an outside referral. An
effective way of ensuring that reuptake inhibitor
depression / ADHD
drugs
function optimally is discussed in this writing. If the
patient’s primary clinic is able to treat the
depression, this preserves the continuity of care
between the physician and the patient suffering from
depression. |
|
|
|
REUPTAKE INHIBITOR
DEPRESSION / ADHD DRUGS DEPLETE NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS |
|
Depression drugs that work with
serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter
molecules
do not work if there are not enough neurotransmitter
molecules in
the system. |
|
| | |